预缴退税、融资约束与纳税遵从Tax Prepayment System,Financial Constraints and Tax Compliance
李昊楠;
摘要(Abstract):
前景理论作为行为经济学的基础理论之一,在风险决策方面有突破性的发展,在前景理论框架下,预缴制度不仅可以平滑税收收入,还能够促进纳税遵从,然而不少学者对此提出了质疑。文章采用2013年全国税收调查数据重新检验了预缴退税对纳税遵从的影响,在使用工具变量缓解内生性后,结果表明预缴退税反而会降低纳税遵从,原因在于前景理论仅考虑了汇算清缴期的影响,却未考虑预缴期预缴税款会占用企业现金流,加重企业融资约束,进而降低企业纳税遵从度。因此,文章建议我国预缴制度应当尽可能精确估计收入,减少预缴和实际税款偏差,以此来提高企业纳税遵从度。文章为纳税遵从和前景理论研究提供了重要的现实反例和反思机会。
关键词(KeyWords): 预缴制度;前景理论;纳税遵从;融资约束
基金项目(Foundation): 中央财经大学科研创新基金(201702)的资助
作者(Author): 李昊楠;
Email:
DOI: 10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20191011.301
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- (1)预缴税款在《企业所得税法》和《税收征管法》中都有明确规定,随后的文件中也具体规定了少预缴或不预缴税款的处罚办法。
- (1)由于预缴方式确定后不能随意更改,因此由于预缴方式改变产生的差异一般较少。
- (2)还有一些质疑声例如Webley等(1991)、King和Sheffrin(2002)及Cullis等(2006)等,涉及性别的差异和参考点长期的改变等。
- (3)假设1≤f≤1/p,可以保证x为内点解。V=v (D-θx)+?(1-p) v (0)+?(p) v[-fθ(w-x)](1)事实上该式为,其中v (0)=0,因此等式右边第二部分被省略。
- (2)仅当处于退税区间,即D-θx>0时,二阶条件小于0。详细说明见Yaniv(1999)。
- (3)对国外该现象的详细描述可以从King和Sheffrin(2002)的研究中得到。
- (1)根据损失厌恶(Loss Aversion),退税和补缴对纳税遵从的影响不同,Engstr?m等(2015)证实了在预缴产生的退税和补缴间的零点存在拐点(Kink Point)和断点(Discontinuity Point),因此对于补缴和退税的影响应当分别做研究,仅选取退税的企业不存在预缴制度导致的选择偏差。由于退税的企业中可能有更多经营状况不佳的企业,后文也会验证经营状况与纳税遵从间不存在显著相关性,因此仅选取退税的企业也不存在由于经营状况差异导致的选择偏差。
- (1)完全纳税遵从是建立在上文中提及的查补额等于逃税额的假设上。即使没有该假设,总体而言,查补税额为0也表示较高的纳税遵从度。
- (1)受篇幅限制,稳健性检验的结果未在文中报告,如有需要可向作者索取。